Safety and Workflow Using Rotational Atherectomy in Non-Surgical Centres-The SWAN Study

Abstract

Historically, high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures such as rotational atherectomy (RA) required on-site surgical backup. However, advancements in PCI techniques, coupled with the geographic realities of Australia's dispersed population, warrant a reassessment of RA in the context of contemporary clinical practice. We aimed to establish the safety and outcomes after RA at non-surgical centres. Consecutive RA PCI cases from September 2012 to February 2024 at seven Australian hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery were analysed. Primary outcomes were referrals for emergency cardiac surgery (bailout) and 30-day mortality. A total of 943 patients (1,010 lesions) were included, with a mean age of 74.4±9.6 years. A total of 72.6% were male and the average body mass index was 28.7±7.1 kg/m2. Common comorbidities included diabetes (35.1%), a history of smoking (48.7%), and acute coronary syndrome or emergency presentation (32.9%). Off-site surgical bailout was necessary for four patients (0.4%) (temporary pacing wire-related right ventricular perforation with tamponade [n=2]; burr entrapment not retrievable percutaneously [n=2]). Major coronary perforations occurred in 0.8% (n=8; Ellis III). Minor perforations occurred in 2.3% (n=22). Tamponade occurred in eight (0.8%) patients. Burr entrapment occurred in six (0.6%) patients. A total of 32 patients (3.4%) died within 30 days of the procedure; 13 cases (1.4%) were PCI-related, but only eight of these (0.8%) were directly attributable to RA (significant ischaemia, e.g., no/slow reflow [n=4]; perforation with tamponade unable to be temporised percutaneously [n=2]; burr entrapment [n=1]; extensive coronary dissection [n=1]). Female sex and acute coronary syndrome presentation were predictors of poorer outcome. RA can be safely conducted without on-site surgical backup, including in regional Australian areas. In geographically dispersed populations, regional access to RA-assisted PCI is critical. Immediate percutaneous management remains the mainstay of management of rare but potentially severe complications such as tamponade, perforations, and burr entrapment.